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Evidence of observed climate change includes the instrumental temperature record, rising sea levels, and decreased snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC, a , "[most] of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the midth century is very likely due to the observed increase in [human greenhouse gas] concentrations".

It is predicted that future climate changes will include further global warming i. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change has agreed to implement policies designed to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases. The phrase climate change is used to describe a change in the climate, measured in terms of its statistical properties, e.

In this context, climate is taken to mean the average weather. Climate can change over period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical time period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization. The climate change referred to may be due to natural causes, e.

Any human-induced changes in climate will occur against the background of natural climatic variations. Climate change reflects a change in the energy balance of the climate system, i.

When this balance changes it is called "radiative forcing", and the calculation and measurement of radiative forcing is one aspect of the science of climatology.

The processes that cause such changes are called "forcing mechanisms". Forcing mechanisms can be either "internal" or "external". Internal forcing mechanisms are natural processes within the climate system itself, e. External forcing mechanisms can be either natural e. Whether the initial forcing mechanism is internal or external, the response of the climate system might be fast e.

Therefore, the climate system can respond abruptly, but the full response to forcing mechanisms might not be fully developed for centuries or even longer. Measurements show a global temperature increase of 1. Global warming is closely associated with a broad spectrum of other climate changes, such as:. There are two studied made here to elaborate the risk of intense rain fall one by United States and other one by United Kingdom. They have warned that these risks are due to extreme climate change, thus we have to curb the global warming issues in phases.

The summaries of study are given below:. A mere 15 years later, history is repeating itself in the Midwest as the rainswollen Cedar, Illinois, Missouri and Mississippi Rivers and their tributaries top their banks and levees, leaving hundreds of thousands of people displaced. With rainfall in May-June about two to three times greater than the long-term average, soybean planting is behind schedule and some crops may have to be replanted.

This remarkably quick return of such severe flooding is not anticipated by currently used out-of-date methodologies, but is what we should expect as global warming leads to more frequent and intense severe storms. Inadequate floodplain management is also responsible for the extent of damages from both floods, especially over-reliance on levees and the false sense of security they provide to those who live behind them. About 28 percent of the total new development in the seven states over the past 15 years has been in areas within the flood events.

The National Wildlife Federation says that to limit the magnitude of changes to the climate and the impacts on communities and wildlife, we must curb global warming pollution.

This target is achievable with technologies either available or under development, but we need to start taking action now to avoid the worst impacts See: www. Extreme rainfall and flood risk in the UK: Multi-day rainfall events are an important cause of recent severe flooding in the UK and any change in the magnitude of such events may have severe impacts upon urban structures such as dams, urban drainage systems and flood defences and cause failures to occur.

Regional pooling of 1-, 2-, 5- and day annual maxima for to from sites across the UK is used in a standard regional frequency analysis to produce GEV growth curves for long return-period rainfall events for each of nine defined climatological regions.

Temporal changes in 1-, 2-, 5- and day annual maxima are examined with L-moments using both a year moving window and fixed decades from , , and A bootstrap technique is then used to assess uncertainty in the fitted decadal growth curves and to identify significant trends in both distribution parameters and quantile estimates.

There has been a two-part change in extreme rainfall event occurrence across the UK from Little change is observed at 1- and 2-day duration, but significant decadal level changes are seen in 5- and day events in many regions. In the south of the UK, growth curves have flattened and 5- and day annual maxima have decreased during the s. However, in the north, the day growth curve has steepened and annual maxima have risen during the s.

This is particularly evident in Scotland. The year event in Scotland during has become an 8-, and year event in the Eastern, Southern and Northern Scotland pooling regions respectively during the s. In northern England the average recurrence interval has also halved.

This may have severe implications for design and planning practices in flood control. Increasing flood risk is now recognised as the most important sectoral threat from climate change in most parts of the world, with recent repeated severe flooding in the UK and Europe causing major loss of property and life, and causing the insurance industry to threaten the withdrawal of flood insurance cover from millions of UK households.

This has prompted public debate on the apparent increased frequency of extremes and focussed attention in particular on perceived increases in rainfall intensities.

Climate model integrations predict increases in both the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall in the high latitudes under enhanced greenhouse conditions. These projections are consistent with recent increases in rainfall intensity seen in the UK and worldwide. There is a highly significant correlation between increases in Northern Hemisphere land temperatures and the decreases.

There is now ample evidence to support a major retreat of alpine and continental glaciers in response to 20th century warming. In a few maritime regions, increases in precipitation due to regional atmospheric circulation changes have overshadowed increases in temperature in the past two decades, and glaciers have re-advanced. Over the past to years, ground-based observations show that there is possibility of a reduction of about two weeks in the annual duration of lake and river ice in the mid- to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere Fig.

Time-series of relative sea level for the past years from Northern Europe: Amsterdam, Netherlands; Brest, France; Sheerness, UK; Stockholm, Sweden detrended over the period to to remove to first order the contribution of post-glacial rebound ; Swinoujscie, Poland formerly Swinemunde, Germany ; and Liverpool, UK. There is little indication of reduced Arctic sea-ice extent during winter when temperatures have increased in the surrounding region.

By contrast, there is no readily apparent relationship between decadal changes of Antarctic temperatures and sea-ice extent since After an initial decrease in the mids, Antarctic sea-ice extent has remained stable, or even slightly increased. Interannual variability and inter-decadal variability could be influencing these changes. A recent study shows that an increase in heat-absorbing greenhouse gases intensifies an unusual atmospheric circulation pattern already observed during heat waves in Europe and North America.

As the pattern becomes more pronounced, severe heat waves occur in the Mediterranean region and the southern and western United States.

Other parts of France, Germany and the Balkans also become more susceptible to severe heat waves. Heat waves can kill more people in a shorter time than almost any other climate event. According to records, people died as a result of Chicago's July, , heat wave. Fifteen thousand Parisians are estimated to have died from heat in August, , along with thousands of farm animals.

For the study, Meehl and Tebaldi compared present and future decades to determine how greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols might affect future climate in Europe and the United States, focusing on Paris and Chicago. They assumed little policy intervention to slow the buildup of greenhouse gases. During the Paris and Chicago heat waves, atmospheric pressure rose to values higher than usual over Lake Michigan and Paris, producing clear skies and prolonged heat.

In the model, atmospheric pressure increases even more during heat waves in both regions as carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere. Heat wave is based on the concept of exceeding specific thresholds, thus allowing analyses of heat wave duration and frequency. Three criteria were used to define heat waves in this way, which relied on two location-specific thresholds for maximum temperatures.

Threshold 1 T1 was defined as the A heat wave was then defined as the longest period of consecutive days satisfying the following three conditions:. Because the Chicago heat wave of and the Paris heat wave of had particularly severe impacts, we chose grid points from the model that were close to those two locations to illustrate heat wave characteristics. This choice was subjective and illustrative given that there are, of course, other well-known heat waves from other locations.

Also, we are not suggesting that a model grid point is similar to a particular weather station; we picked these grid points because they represent heat wave conditions for regions representative of Illinois and France in the model, and therefore they can help identify processes that contribute to changes in heat waves in the future climate in those regions. Heat waves in Chicago, Paris, and elsewhere in North America and Europe will become more intense, more frequent and longer lasting in the 21st century, according to a new modeling study by two scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research NCAR in Boulder, Colo.

In the United States, heat waves will become most severe in the West and South. The findings appear in the August 13 issue of the journal Science. Department of Energy DOE. During the Chicago heat wave, the most severe health impacts resulted from the lack of cooling relief several nights in a row, according to health experts. In the model, the western and southern United States and the Mediterranean region of Europe experience a rise in nighttime minimum temperatures of more than 3 degrees Celsius 5.

They will occur more often: The average number of heat waves in the Chicago area increases in the coming century by 25 percent, from "Heat Waves of the 21st Century: More Intense, More Frequent and Longer Lasting. In Paris, the average number increases 31percent, from 1. They will last longer: Chicago's present heat waves last from 5. In Paris, present-day heat waves persist from 8. Source: National Science Foundation. Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global mean sea level rise during the 20th century is in the range 1.

The causes for change of the sea level : At the shoreline it is determined by many factors in the global environment that operate on a great range of time-scales, from hours tidal to millions of years ocean basin changes due to tectonics and sedimentation. On the time-scale of decades to centuries, some of the largest influences on the average levels of the sea are linked to climate and climate change processes.

Firstly, as ocean water warms, it expands. On the basis of observations of ocean temperatures and model results, thermal expansion is believed to be one of the major contributors to historical sea level changes. Further, thermal expansion is expected to contribute the largest component to sea level rise over the next hundred years. Deep ocean temperatures change only slowly; therefore, thermal expansion would continue for many centuries even if the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases were to stabilise.

The amount of warming and the depth of water affected vary with location. In addition, warmer water expands more than colder water for a given change in temperature. The geographical distribution of sea level change results from the geographical variation of thermal expansion, changes in salinity, winds, and ocean circulation. The range of regional variation is substantial compared with the global average sea level rise. Rise in sea Level: Sea level also changes when the mass of water in the ocean increases or decreases.

This occurs when ocean water is exchanged with the water stored on land. The major land store is the water frozen in glaciers or ice sheets. Indeed, the main reason for the lower sea level during the last glacial period was the amount of water stored in the large extension of the ice sheets on the continents of the Northern Hemisphere. After thermal expansion, the melting of mountain glaciers and ice caps is expected to make the largest contribution to the rise of sea level over the next hundred years.

These glaciers and ice caps make up only a few per cent of the world's land-ice area, but they are more sensitive to climate change than the larger ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica, because the ice sheets are in colder climates with low precipitation and low melting rates. Consequently, the large ice sheets are expected to make only a small net contribution to sea level change in the coming decades.

A new study says the seas are acidifying ten times faster today than 55 million years ago when a mass extinction of marine species occurred. And, the study concludes, current changes in ocean chemistry due to the burning of fossil fuels may portend a new wave of die-offs.

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Reporter Xia Nan pursuing a terrorist and yellowcake uranium story is almost killed in a car bombing. After a coup in Yewaire, a naval task group and special forces are sent to evacuate civilians. There are a few concepts combined in this Chinese movie. The best one is the Black Hawk Down military movie. They obviously invested a lot military hardware. It's a patriotic affair and proud of it. Morocco makes for a solid devastated city backdrop. There is plenty of big explosions.

Other than a few Matrix bullet time fantasy scenes, it works quite well as a semi-real action packed thrill ride. The characters have no particular charisma or individuality. It's just action and military hardware. It's not high-minded, and I have no problem with that.

The reporter's story is probably trying to inject some political nuance which is unnecessary. She's a good character but it would make more sense if she's a Chinese super spy Jane Bond.

She could lead the soldiers with intel to rescue the civilians and take down a terrorist group. Overall, this is a functional action movie. The lack of a lead protagonist does hold it back some.

More time early on spent on the Captain would help. So if You want an non stop action with little story this movie is for You. Premise is simple special ops from China doing evacuation of their embassy in war torn country.